Impact of Exchange Rates on Banking Index - 949 Words

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Objectives- 1. To investigate the impact of exchange rates on Banking Index. 2. To know the intensity of relationship between exchange rate and BSE Bankex. Research Design- Exploratory research design Sampling Design- Secondary data acquired from BSE site and Investing.com Sample selection - The sample selection for this study will include all the banking companies listed on the BSE Bankex. Sample Size- 520 Data Collection- The study will be using mainly secondary data. 1. Information relating to the value of BSE Bankex has been obtained from (http://www.bseindia.com/indices/indexarchivedata.aspx ) 2. INR-USD exchange rate data is collected from (http://www.investing.com/currencies/usd-inr-historical-data) Time Period- The present study is an attempt to test the impact exchange rate on the BSE Bankex during the period from 2nd July 2012 to 28th February 2014. Classification tabulation of data: The data thus collected were classified according to the categories, counting sheets the summary tables were prepared. Statistical tools used for data analysis: Excel software has been used for data analysis. I have covered- 1. Descriptive statistics have been applied 2. Correlation Analysis 3. Covariance Analysis 4. Regression Analysis CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXCHANGE RATES AND BANKING SECTOR STOCK PRICES: With the help of statistical data analysis we try to interpret the observation taking banking sector stock prices as dependent variableShow MoreRelatedMonetary Background Of Nepal And Financial Institutions Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pageswith Reference to Banking and Financial Institutions So far as the monetary system is concerned, Nepalese economy consists of rural area and urban area. Urban area is, no doubt, exercises monetized system. All the banking and financial institutions are concentrated in urban areas. 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Speech Human Rights Violations in India - 768 Words

Speech: Human Rights Violations in India One third of the world’s child brides originate from India; whose journalists are continuously shut down for revealing their political opinions. India’s culture has been having arranged underage marriage for many centuries, â€Å"Child marriage, which has existed for centuries, is a complex issue, rooted deeply in gender inequality, tradition and poverty† according to an article published by UNICEF. In an article published by the Library of Congress Jeanine Cali writes, during the 19th century, Britain placed a sedition law in its colonies of India; today, that law is being used to deny Indian citizens their freedom of speech and opinion. In India, underage and forced marriage and the freedom of†¦show more content†¦Violating Article 19 of the UDHR, India has unlawfully killed another journalist for speaking his opinion against the Indian government. The freedom of opinion and forced underage marriage are popular occurrences in India. 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Objectives Of A Co Operative Society Commerce Essay Example For Students

Objectives Of A Co Operative Society Commerce Essay Anand Milk Union Ltd. was founded in 1946 and is trade name which is managed by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd an Indian concerted administration ( GCMMF ) , which today is jointly owned by 3.3 million milk manufacturers in Gujarat, India. It spurred the white revolution in India which in bend made India the largest manufacturer of milk and milk merchandises in the universe. Its one-year turnover in the twelvemonth 2011-2012 reached to US $ 2.5 billion. Its day-to-day milk procurance is about 13 million lit from 16,117 small town milk concerted societies. GCMMF has now become the largest exporter of India. Many of its merchandises are available in states like USA, Gulf Countries, Singapore, The Philippines, Japan, China and Australia. Since the mid 1990 s AMUL has entered countries that are non straight related to its nucleus concern. Its entry into the field of frozen merchandises was rather successful as it was able to capture a big market portion in rather a short piece. Over the last five and a half decennaries, dairy co-ops have created an economic web that links 3.1 million small town milk manufacturers with 1000000s of consumers in India. Its merchandises range fromA milk, A butter, ghee, cheese, Masti Dahi, Yoghurt, A ButtermilkA cocoa, A ice pick, pick, shrikhand, paneer, gulab jamuns, flavoured milk, basundi, Nutramul trade name and others. In January 2006, it launched India s first athleticss imbibe Stamina, which plans to vie with Coco-Cola, Pepsi, Gatorade etc. It besides introduced Kool Koko, a a cocoa milk trade name widening its merchandise offering in the milk merchandises section. Its sugar free pro-biotic ice pick won The International Dairy Federation Marketing Award in 2007. Outline1 Logo Of The Company:2 2.1 NATURE OF THE COMPANY3 A4 A5 Administration Structure: 6 1.External Organization Structure7 2.Internal Organization Structure:8 2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANISATION9 Social Aims:10 National Aims:11 Human Aims:12 Economic Aims:13 3.1 Decision14 Actual Findings:15 3.3 VIPER REPORT Logo Of The Company: 2.1 NATURE OF THE COMPANY A A The name Amul itself indicates that it is a co-operative brotherhood. There are assorted types of co-operative society which are asA under: ( 1 ) Producers or industries co-operative society ( 2 ) Consumer co-operative society ( 3 ) Housing co-operative society ( 4 ) co-operative agriculture ( 5 ) co-operative recognition solvency This house is the house of association in which individual combine together toformA aA societyA forA theA purposeA ofA manufacturingA goods.A AlthoughA itA is democratic direction of industrial production. This is utile where big capital is neither necessary nor much proficient and adept cognition of themanagement is needed. In India some of the Sugar factory and ginning Millss are running under this formation. Dairies are besides following co-operating format.Amul is the manufacturer s co-operative society. Administration Structure: Organization Structure is divided into two parts: External Organization Structure Internal Organization Structure 1.External Organization Structure External Organization Structure is the organisation construction that affects the organisation from the exterior. State Level Marketing Federation District Milk Product Union Ltd. Village Milk Product Union Ltd. Villagers As we know, GCMMF is a unit of Gujurat Milk Marketing Federation, which is a co-operative organisation. The villagers of more than 10000 small towns of Gujarat are the bases of this construction. They all make small town milk manufacturers brotherhood, territory degree milk manufacturers brotherhood and so a province degree selling federation is established. The construction is a line relationship, which provides easy manner to operation. It besides provides better communicating between two stages.. 2.Internal Organization Structure: The followers is internal organisation chart of Amul: Chairman Pull offing Director General Manager Assistant General Manager Finance Dept. Production Dept Marketing Dept. Gross saless A ; Purchase Dept Personnel Dept. Overtones By Gerstenberg EssayThe seeds of Amul were sown more than 65 old ages ago in Anand, a little town in Gujarat, western India. Angered by the manipulative patterns of the local trade trust, the husbandmans of Anand approached the great Indian nationalist Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel for a solution. He advised them to acquire rid of jobbers and organize their ain co-operative, which would hold procurance, processing and selling under their control. In 1946, the husbandmans of this country went on a milk work stoppage declining to be cowed down by the trust. Under the inspiration and counsel of great leaders like Sardar Patel, Morarji Desai and Tribhuvandas Patel, they formed their ain co-op. Amul grew from strength to strength since so and there was no looking back. The so Prime Minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri decided that the same attack should go the footing of a National Dairy Development policy. He understood that the success of Amul could be attributed to the undermentioned factors The husbandmans owned the journal, their elected representatives managed the small town societies and the territory brotherhood, and they employed professionals to run the journal and pull off its concern. The co-ops were sensitive to the demands of husbandmans and responsive to their demands. At his case in 1965 the National Dairy Development Board was set up with the basic aim of retroflexing the Amul theoretical account. Dr. Kurien was chosen to head the establishment as its Chairman and asked to retroflex this theoretical account throughout the state. The directors even provided us with extra information about the amul model- The trade name name Amul means AMULYA . This word derived from the Sanskrit word AMULYA which means PRICELESS . Amul merchandises have been in usage in 1000000s of homessince 1946. Amul butter, Amul Milk Powder, Amul Ghee, Amulspray, Amul Cheese, Amul Chocolates, Amul Shrikhand, Amul Ice pick, Nutramul, Amul Milk and Amulya have made Amul a taking nutrient trade name in India. Today Amul is a symbol of many things like of the high quality merchandises sold at sensible monetary values, of the generation of a huge co-operative web, of the victory of autochthonal engineering, of the selling understanding of a husbandmans organisation. And have a proved theoretical account for diary development ( ANAND PATTERN ) . At the initial phase merely 250 liters of milk was collected every twenty-four hours. But with the turning consciousness of the benefits of the coorperativeness, the aggregation of milk increased. Today Amul collects 11 lakhs litres of milk every twenty-four hours, stand foring growing of 6.09 per centum. 3.3 VIPER REPORT

Westjet Verses Air Canada

Introduction This paper aims at contrasting two airlines, Westjet and Air Canada in terms of their financial performance and survival. The two airlines are based in Canada. Westjet is a low cost airline operating mainly within Canada and North America.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Westjet Verses Air Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was founded in 1996 and has since been able to acquire a fleet of 88 modern aircrafts â€Å"flying to over 70 destinations in Canada, the US, the Caribbean and Mexico† (Westjet, 2011). As at 31 December 2010, the firm had employed over 8000 workers. Westjet is one of the most profitable airlines in North America besides being associated with the best customer services. Air Canada on the other hand is the largest full-service airline in Canada (Air Canada, 2011). It is the largest provider of passenger flights within Canada and from Canada to major destinations such as US. It was founded in 1937 and has since achieved the status of â€Å"15th largest commercial airline globally† (Air Canada, 2011). As at 31 December 2010, the firm had employed 23200 workers. Currently, it serves 178 destinations directly and 1160 destinations in conjunction with its regional partners (Air Canada, 2011). The factors that affect the performance of these airlines are as follows. Factors in Airline Business: PESTE Analysis Political Canada is one of the most politically stable countries in the world. The political stability has enabled the country to achieve rapid economic growth. This has led to high demand in the country’s aviation industry (Cotis, 2010, pp. 3-20). Canada has strong political ties with most foreign countries thus enabling it to enjoy favorable terms of trade with them. Besides Canada is a member of major trade agreements and trading blocks such as NAFTA, Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement and Canada-European Free Trade Association of Trade Agreement. This has enabled Canadian airlines to join the markets operating under the trade agreements thus increasing their market shares (Clougherty, 2009, pp. 440-468).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Air Canada has particularly improved its profitability in the cargo flight business due to the increase in trade volume among NAFTA member countries. Currently, Canada is negotiating for more ‘free trade agreements’ with Asian countries and this will further increase demand for its airlines. Economic Canada has â€Å"the 9th largest economy in the world† (Cotis, 2010, pp. 3-20). Its economy has since recovered from the 2008/2009 global financial crisis. Currently, its economy is growing at a rate of 5.6% which has resulted into high economic activity and high disposable income among the citizens (Cotis, 2010, pp. 3-20). This has led to high dema nd in its aviation industry. Besides, its low inflation rate of 1.6% as at 31st December 2010 has led a reduction in air ticket prices thus stimulating demand for flights (Cotis, 2010, pp. 3-20). The airlines have been able to access cheap supplies such as petroleum due to the low inflation. This enables them to improve their competitiveness at international level through low prices. Robust economic growth in emerging economies in Asia and South America has also led to high demand for flights at international level. Social Canada has one of the wealthiest populations in the world. Canada’s GDP per capita by â€Å"purchasing power parity is $43100† (Cotis, 2010, pp. 3-20). Over 90% of its population lives above the poverty line (Cotis, 2010, pp. 3-20). Consequently, majority of Canadians especially those living in urban areas are able to afford flights. Besides, the citizens are price sensitive and this explains the high pressure on prices in the aviation industry. Cana dians are keen on service quality and this has prompted most airlines to focus on product differentiation (Wulung, 2008, pp. 178-185). Westjet in particular is distinguished in the market as the best provider of customer services. Technology Technology is the driving force in the aviation industry since it determines the ability of the airlines to meet safety standards, achieve innovation and product development. Both Westjet and Air Canada have invested in modern technology to differentiate their products.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Westjet Verses Air Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example Air Canada’s customers can book and confirm the status of their flights through their mobile phones (Air Canada, 2011). Both companies are using their websites for sales and marketing. Investments in modern aircrafts enable the firms to ensure the safety of their passengers. Besides, the modern aircr afts are efficient in fuel consumption thus lowering costs. Environment Air transportation is associated with air pollution due to the green house gases produced by aircrafts (Forsyth, 2010, pp. 204-255). Consequently, the industry regulators and environmentalist have teamed up to ensure that airlines operate aircrafts that are mechanically sound in order to avoid pollution. Airlines normally pay for air pollution through emission fines or fees. They also actively engage in environmental protection programs. This results into high operating costs. Legal Legal factors refer to the rules used to regulate the Canadian aviation industry. The industry is highly regulated in order to promote fair competition and customers’ safety. Regulation focuses on the mechanical status of the aircrafts, routes to be served and ownership of airlines (Competition Bureau, 2010). The implementation of the Competition Act for instance, forced Air Canada to reduce its market share in order to reduce its dominance in the industry (Competition Bureau, 2010). SWOT Analysis Westjet  Strengths Westjet is associated with the following strengths. First, it is the best in the provision of customer services. For example, it was â€Å"named a J.D power house in 2011† (Westjet, 2011). Excellent customer services have enabled it to ensure customer loyalty. Second, it has been able to maintain competitive prices. Consequently, it has been able to easily penetrate the market. Third, investment in modern aircrafts has enabled the firm to lower its expenditure on fuel. Finally, it was â€Å"inducted into the corporate hall of fame in 2010 after being named one of Canada’s most admired corporate culture† (Westjet, 2011) for three consecutive years. This means that it has excellent management polices and this explains its robust economic performance.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weaknesses Westjet’s weaknesses are as follows. It has a relatively small market share as compared to Air Canada. It serves only 78 destinations as compared to the 1167 served by Air Canada. This limits its ability to realize high returns. It also offers a limited number of products. It mainly concentrates on passenger flights, accommodation and car rental services (Westjet, 2011). Besides, it mainly operates in US, the Caribbean and Canada. Thus it is likely to be adversely affected in the vent of an economic crisis in the region it serves. Opportunities The opportunities available to Westjet include the following. First, the implementation of the Competition Act has led to elimination of monopolistic tendencies such as predator pricing in the industry. This gives it the opportunity to sell its products at optimal prices. Second, Air Canada has given â€Å"42 peak hours slots at Toronto’s Passengers’ Airport† (Competition Bureau, 2010). Thus Westjet has the opportunity to use the slots forfeited by Air Canada to connect to East Canada. Finally, its partnerships with American airlines give it the opportunity to increase its route network by using its partners’ aircrafts to connect its passengers to destinations it does not serve (Westjet, 2011). Threats Westjet faces the following threats. First, Air Canada has always used its dominant position to prevent competition in the industry (Competition Bureau, 2010). Thus Westjet will have to depend on Competition Bureau’s ability to enforce fair competition in order to penetrate the market. Second, increase in oil prices has resulted into a reduction in the firm’s profits. Finally, restriction on airline ownership limits the firm’s ability to expand through partnerships with foreign airlines. Air Canada Strengths Air Canada is associated with the following strengths. First, it has the largest market share of about 57% (Competition Bureau, 2010). This has enable d it to achieve high returns and profitability. Second, it offers a wide range of products which include car rental services, accommodation, cargo flights and specialized flights for sports organizations and private companies. This has enabled it to increase its revenue and market share. Third, it has modern aircrafts with an aircraft age of 10.7 years (Air Canada, 2011). Besides, its aircrafts have the best entertainment and on-flight communication systems. Consequently, it was voted the best airline by Skytrax in 2010. Finally, it enjoys economies of scale since it is a member of the Star Alliance. It connects its passengers to various destinations through airlines in the alliance at low costs. Weaknesses Air Canada’s weaknesses are as follows. It has not been able to maintain its market share following the implementation of the Competition Act. Its market share has since reduced from 70% in 2000 to 57% in 2010 (Competition Bureau, 2010). As a network airline, it has been a ssociated with customer dissatisfaction due to the inconveniences attributed to inefficiencies of airline alliances. Connecting passengers through Star Alliance’s airlines has always been characterized by flight delays, several stopovers and inconsistent baggage rules. Opportunities The opportunities available to Air Canada include the following. First, the world economy is already recovering from the 2008/2009 financial crisis (Franke and John, 2010, 19-26). Besides, emerging economies are realizing high economic growth. These trends have led to high demand for flights at the international level. Thus Air Canada has the opportunity to increase its revenue by taking advantage of the high demand. Second, most domestic airlines in Canada have failed to expand their operations due to their poor financial performance. Thus Air Canada has the opportunity to expand its operations by acquiring the underperforming airlines. Finally, deregulation at international level especially in E urope is an opportunity to Air Canada to join the deregulated markets hence increasing its market share (Morrell, 2008, pp. 61-67). Threats Air Canada faces the following threats. Firsts, fluctuations in oil prices have adversely affected its performance by increasing operating costs. Second, fluctuation in foreign exchange rates results into a reduction in its profitability. For example, the strengthening of the Canadian dollar in 2010 resulted into high prices for Air Canada’s products at the international market thus lowering demand for its flights (Air Canada, 2011). Finally, with the implementation of the Competition Act, Air Canada will have to continue reducing its market share in order to enhance competition in the market. This will lower its profitability. Analysis of Possible Future Trends Factors likely to Influence Future Performance First, technological advancement in aviation industry as well as information and communication industry will determine performance. Such technological advancements will influence operations such as ticketing, customer services and efficiency of aircrafts. Second, oil prices will influence performance in future. Fuel costs form the greatest percentage of operation cost in aviation industry (Trethway, 2004, pp. 3-14). Thus if the prices of oil keeps rising, the demand for flights will reduce as operators pass the high oil prices to customers through high prices. Third, economic performance both at domestic and international level will affect performance. Strong economic growth will ensure robust growth in the aviation industry. Finally regulation and competition will determine the performance of airlines (Daraban and Fournier, 2008, pp. 15-24). High competition and regulation is likely to reduce growth in the industry. Actions to be taken by the Airlines The following actions can be taken by the two airlines to overcome turbulent times in future. First, they can â€Å"enter into fuel hedging contracts† (Tre thway, 2004, pp. 3-14) in order to reduce their vulnerability to fluctuations in oil prices. Through such contracts, the firms will pay fixed fuel prices thus enabling them to control their fuel costs. Second, they can focus on maintaining competitive operating costs (Hazeldine, 2010, pp. 40-43). This can be achieved by acquiring modern aircrafts that are efficient in fuel consumption. Third, Westjet can join an airline alliance while Air Canada can increase its participation in Star Alliance. This will enable them to increase their market share in future at low costs. Fourth, in order to overcome the effects of poor economic performance, the airlines can diversify their businesses by investing in other industries. During the 2008/2009 global financial crisis, German’s Lufthansa survived since it was able to boost its passenger flight segment with revenue from its mining and real estate business segments (Hazeldine, 2010, pp. 40-43). Finally, they should focus on joining dere gulated markets in order to pursue their expansion plans effectively. Airline Product and Marketing Strategy Marketing Strategy Westjet’s marketing strategy focuses on maintaining low prices and providing excellent customer services. It charges low prices in order to penetrate the market and achieve its objective of being one of the top five largest airlines in Canada by 2016 (Westjet, 2011). It focuses of excellent customer services in order to ensure customer loyalty. This has been achieved by introducing new products and services such as non-stop flights and pre-reserved seating. Air Canada’s marketing strategy focuses on product differentiation in order to maintain its dominant position in the market. This is being implemented as follows. First, the firm has introduced innovative pricing system which allows customers to â€Å"customize their tickets by paying only for services they wish to pay for† (Air Canada, 2011). This leads to low prices and high custom er satisfaction. Second, the firm is focusing on high service quality. It has since completed its purchase of new aircrafts and refurbishing its existing aircrafts. Its aircrafts are associated with comfort, memorable entertainment experiences and safety. This has enabled it to retain its existing customers. Brand Equity Air Canada has the highest brand equity in the industry due to its dominant market position. Through its high quality products, most customers identify with it as the best airline in the region (Air Canada, 2011). The high level of brand equity has been achieved through investing in product differentiation. Westjet’s brand equity is relatively low as compared to Air Canada’s. Even though the firm is distinguished in the market by its low prices and excellent customer services, its brand equity has not improved due to the following reasons. First, it serves very few destinations and thus not used by many customers (Westjet, 2011). Second, it offers only a few services thus most customers find it inconvenient. Marketing Channels The airlines use similar marketing channels. The internet is the main marketing channel used by the airlines. They all have marketing websites through which customers can access product information, make enquiries and purchase tickets instantly. They also use social networks to market their products. Air Canada has recently introduced marketing through mobile phones (Air Canada, 2011). The two airlines also post their adverts on both print and electronic media. Competitors At domestic level, Air Canada lacks intense competition especially in the full service segment of the industry. However, it competes with low cost airlines such as Canada 3000 and Westjet. At international level, it competes with major airlines such as Delta, Emirates and Lufthansa (Trethway, 2004, pp. 3-14). Westjet’s competitors in the low cost segment include Canjet, Royal and Canada 3000. Frequent Flayer Program Both airlines h ave frequent flyer programs. Westjet’s is referred to as frequent guest program (Westjet, 2011). The program allows Westjet’s customers who spend over $1500 dollars to earn ‘Westjet dollars’ which they can use to purchase Westjet tickets. The program has no restrictions on destinations. Air Canada’s is referred to as the rapider program (Air Canada, 2011). In this case, the airline’s customers can earn a minimum of 3000 miles and a maximum of 25,000 miles by flying with Air Canada regularly. However, the bonuses can only be used on limited routes such as Montreal, Toronto and Pearson. Assessing of Success of Marketing Strategy Passengers usually chose Westjet due to its low prices and unparalleled customer services in the industry. As discussed earlier, low prices and best customer services are the factors that differentiate Westjet. Thus these factors form its main selling point in the market. The firm’s marketing strategy led to an i ncrease in load factor by 1.2 points to 79.9% in 2010 (Westjet, 2011). Passengers normally chose Air Canada due to the wide range of products it offers and the high quality of its services. From earlier discussions, Air Canada is differentiated by its service quality and the wide variety of products it offers. Thus these are its main selling points. The marketing strategy enabled it to increase its load factor by 1point to 81.7% in 2010 (Air Canada, 2011). Product Lifecycle Airline products are at maturity stage due to the following reasons. First, there is high pressure on prices as competition increases (Trethway, 2004, pp. 3-14). Second, there is an increase in the number of firms joining the industry following the removal of entry barriers. Third, firms are able to lower operating costs by joining airline alliances and forming regional partnerships (Trethway, 2004, pp. 3-14). Finally, the firms highly depend on product differentiation in order to increase or maintain their marke t shares. Business Model Low Cost Model The low cost model is associated with low prices which help in increasing the sales volume, market share and profits (Graham, 2009, pp. 306-316). It is also associated with greater emphasis on efficiency in order to lower operating cost and ticket prices. Finally it encourages fast turnaround time and full utilization of aircrafts (Graham, 2009, pp. 306-316). However, the flights are less comfortable as airlines cutback on the number of services they offer in order to reduce costs. This can lead to customer dissatisfaction. Besides, emphasis on cost reduction makes product differentiation difficult. Full Service Model The full service model is associated with high product quality which leads to customer satisfaction. The airlines using this model are able to offer a wide variety of services thus increasing their profits (Graham, 2009, pp. 306-316). However, maintaining the high quality of services leads to high cost of flights which can reduce demand. These trends indicate that both models have merits and demerits and the choice of the airline depends on the customers’ preferences and financial capabilities. Thus airlines can adopt both of them to increase their competitiveness. Financial Results Westjet In 2010, Westjet’s total revenue increased by 14.4% to $2.6 billion (Westjet, 2011). The firm’s operating margin also increased by 0.3 points to 9.5%. The firm’s net profit in 2010 was $136.7 million, representing a 39.3% increase from previous year’s results (Westjet, 2011). Load factor improved by 1.2 points to 79.7%. The company’s â€Å"current asset over current liability ratio improved to 1.52† (Westjet, 2011) as compared to 1.48 in 2009. The debt-to-equity ratio was 1.39 representing a 28% improvement (Westjet, 2011). In 2009, total revenue decreased by 10.5% to $2.3 billion (Westjet, 2011). The operating margin also dropped by 4 points to 6%. Net profit decreased by 45% to $98.2 million (Westjet, 2011). The firm’s load factor was 78%, representing a decrease of 1.4 points. â€Å"Current asset to current liability ratio† (Westjet, 2011) improved to 1.48 as compared to 2008’s 1.24. Adjusted dept-to-equity ratio also improved by 20.15 to 1.43 (Westjet, 2011). In 2008, the firm’s total revenue increased by 19.9% to 42.5 billion (Westjet, 2011). However, operating margin dropped by 1.1 points to 10.0%. Net profit decreased by 7.6% to 178.1 million (Westjet, 2011). The diluted earnings per shared also decreased by 6.8%. Air Canada In 2010, total revenue increased by 11% to 10.7 billion (Air Canada, 2011). The firm’s net profit was $107 million as compared to a loss of 24 million realized in 2009 (Air Canada, 2011). Load factor improved by 1 point to 81.7% while its yield improved by 2.3 points (Air Canada, 2011). In 2009, the firm realized 9.73 billion in total revenue which was 12% less than 2008’s total re venue (Air Canada, 2011). Consequently, the firm realized a loss of $24 million. The firm’s yield reduced to 7.6%, while the load factor reduced to 80.7% (Air Canada, 2011). The above trends indicate that Westjet has been profitable for the last three years. Besides, it is more financially stable. Air Canada on the other hand was not able to withstand the effects of the 2008/2009 global financial crisis. This explains the huge losses it made in 2008 and 2009. Thus Westjet is performing better financially. Conclusion and Recommendations The SWOT analysis reveals that Westjet’s main strengths are its ability to maintain low prices and excellent customer services (Westjet, 2011). Its main weakness is that it has a small market share. The main opportunity available to it is the removal of anti-competition tendencies in the market while the greatest threat facing it is the high competition in the market. Air Canada’s main strength is its large market share while its weakness is its inability to retain its market share (Air Canada, 2011). The greatest opportunity available to it is the rising demand for flights at the international market while its greatest threat is high regulation. The main factors likely to affect the performance of the airlines in future include fuel costs, level of regulation and technological advancement. In order to remain profitable and competitive in the next twenty years, the airlines can adopt the following recommendations. They should focus on fuel hedging and acquiring modern aircrafts that are efficient in fuel consumption (Trethway, 2004, pp. 3-14). Besides, they should expand into new markets as well as diversifying their businesses. References Air Canada, 2011. Annual reports. [Online] Available at:  https://www.aircanada.com/ca/en/aco/home.html . Clougherty, J. 2009. Domestic rivalry and export performance: theory and evidence from international airline markets. Canadian Journal of Economics. 42(2), 440-468. Competition Bureau, 2010. Competition Bureau enforcement approach in the airline industry. [Online] Available at:  https://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/eic/site/cb-bc.nsf/eng/home . Cotis, J. 2010. Benchmarking Canada’s economic performance. International Productivity Monitor. 13(1), pp. 3-20. Daraban, B. and Fournier, G. 2008. Incumbent responses to low-cost airline entry and exit: a special autoregressive panel data analyses. Research in Transport economics. 24(1), pp. 15-24. Forsyth, P. 2010. Environment and financial sustainability of air transport: are they incompatible? Journal of Air Transport Management. 17(8), pp. 204-255. Franke, M. and John, F. 2010. What comes next after recession? Airline industry scenarios and potential end games. Journal of Air Transport Management. 17(1), pp. 19-26. Graham, M. 2009. Different model in different space or liberalization optimization? Comparative strategies among low-cost carriers. Journal of Transport Geography. 17(4), pp. 306- 316. Hazeldine, T. 2010. Legacy carriers fight back: pricing and product differentiation in modern airline marketing. Journal of Air Transport Management. 17(1), pp 40-43. Morrell, P. 2008. Can long-haul low-cost airlines be successful? Research in Transport economics. 24(1), pp. 61-67. Trethway, M. 2004. Distortions of airline revenues: why the network airline business model is broken. Journal of Transport Management. 10(1), pp. 3-14. Westjet, 2011. Annual reports. [Online] Available at:  https://www.westjet.com/en-ca/index . Wulung, G. 2008. Productivity growth in Canadian and US regulated industries. Canadian Productivity Review. 2(1), pp. 178-185. This report on Westjet Verses Air Canada was written and submitted by user Megan A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pot vs Beer essays

Pot vs Beer essays How can it be that society permits the drinking of alcohol? Marijuana is badly shunned by our society so that makes me think, what makes drinking any better? It always puzzled me to find kids drinking and saying  ¡Ã‚ °hey at least I ¡Ã‚ ¯m not smoking ¡ or  ¡Ã‚ °its better then smoking ¡ how much better is it? I honestly would rather have a society that permitted smoking marijuana then a society that permits drinking. Every year thousands of lives have been lost due to drinking and driving, and hundreds to alcohol poison. How can our society over look this issue. When people are drunk they have no recollection or control over their actions and make stupid mistakes that changes people lives forever. It is hard to believe how many people drink alcohol and how many more lives that are endangered by that. Basically society is looking for ways to ruin and maybe even end peoples lives. There has never been great issue of lost of life with marijuana. You do know what ¡Ã‚ ¯s going on around you when your high and usually makes people concentrate and more cautious when behind the wheel. there is no way that you can overdose on marijuana the only way of death that marijuana causes is cancer, but what doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t cause cancer nowadays. Alcohol is guilty in taking many more lives then marijuana. While on alcohol peoples emotions are very touchy and may cause people to become very angry or violent. People can take the little gesture way out of proportion and not just be mad but act on it.. Fights brake out when they could have been avoided. For some odd reason alcohol tends to give people enough confidence that they feel invincible and look for fights. Many of the fights that I ¡Ã‚ ¯ve seen or was involved in was due to alcohol and could have been easily avoided. And again society thinks its acceptable for alcohol to be legal. Marijuana just makes people very lazy and have very passive attitude. You never hear of ...

How To Ditch Your Boring Brand With Ken Moskowitz From Ad Zombies

How To Ditch Your Boring Brand With Ken Moskowitz From Ad Zombies Who’s on your short list of marketing influencers for thought leadership and mentorship? Which company brands do you gravitate toward because of their unique value propositions and authentic connection with customers? Today, my guest is Ken Moskowitz, founder and CEO of Ad Zombies. Ken shares insights on brand creation and challenges marketers to bring entertainment, humor, and storytelling into their content. Passion for Production: From creating commercials as a child and dreaming of being the best disc jockey to turning into a zombie Conversions and Reconstruction: Ad Zombies came to life by accident after discovering need to rewrite ad copy to connect with specific customers Origin and Evolution: Ad Zombies’ brand positioning of world’s best flat-fee ad copywriting service changes to writing words that sell anything More than 103,000 Ad Zombies followers on Facebook attributed to mix of wordsmithing skills and engaging audience to evoke emotional responses Missing mark to make memorable ads: Stories and visual noise connect and convert consumers through brand awareness Where to start: Consistent messaging peppered through channels; view consumer’s perspective, and take the plunge to try something new Links: Ad Zombies Ad Zombies on Facebook Howard Stern Bob Ross The Lion King Charlie Sheen on Two and a Half Men The Walking Dead Game of Thrones If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Ken Moskowitz: â€Å"I was probably the AV-Squad King. I was definitely a nerd. I spent my free time making my own commercials and storytelling. It was fun for me.† â€Å"Strategically, you want to always think about what your business is: What do you do for a living? What does your business really do? What business should you be in?† â€Å"We are not afraid to take chances and to put stuff out there. Ad Zombies is a brand that at its corewe write ads. What we really do is entertain and we engage our audience.† Don’t ever be afraid to try new things and don’t go with, â€Å"I don’t like this ad.† How do you know 100 million people won’t?

Assignment on Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Assignment on Corporate Finance - Essay Example A merger can resemble a takeover but result in a new company name or combining the names of the original companies. (http://en.wikipedia.org) Shleifer and vishny (2003) proposed a market timing model of acquisition. They assumed that acquirers are overvalued, and the motive for acquisition is not to gain synergies, but to reserve some of their temporary overvaluation for long-run shareholder. Specifically, by acquiring less-overvalued target with overpriced stock (or less interestingly, undervalued target with cash) overvalued acquirers can cushion the fall for their shareholders by leaving them with more hard assets per share or, if the deals value proposition. This refers to the fact that the combined company can often reduce duplicate departments or operations, lowering the cost of the company relative to theoretically the same revenue stream thus, increasing profit. For example, a bank buying a stock broker could then sell its banking products to the stock's customers while the broker can sign up the banks customers for brokerage account. Or a manufacturer can acquire and sell complimentary products. This is the sign to smoothen the earning result of a company, which over the long-term smoothes a stock price of a company, giving conservative investors more confidence in investing in the company. However, this does not always deliver value to shareholders (http://en.wikipedia.org) From datamonitor analyses, UCB has an inorganic expansion into lucrative AIID and oncology market. The acquisition of the Biotechnology Company, Celltech offered UCB technology platforms and experience for the development of biological drugs. And the new regulations allows our company to create motive for us to merge and acquire, which is an opportunity for us to have a strong R & D pipeline and new expertise in the pharmaceutical sectors. So all of this would be achieved rapidly if acquisition decision is taken. Asset acquisition UCB is a multinational company, operating in more than one hundred and forty countries, also it is one of the largest pharmaceutical and chemical

An Unstoppable Convergence Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Unstoppable Convergence - Coursework Example This fact has formed, as Ralf Nader puts it, a kind of â€Å"duopoly† in American political life. Yet the point is that when one party loose, another party takes benefits from that. Along with the winner ideas and interests of this party are established on the highest level. And whoever comes to power, the result is always the same – â€Å"a corporate statist†, because one ideology can only win by restraining another. But that’s not how things naturally should go in the society. Nader says in Introduction, he had noticed that an ideology doesn’t matter in people’s everyday life. When he was young and helped with the local restaurant his father owned in Winsted, Connecticut and also, when Ralf Nader was hitchhiking, he noticed that people did not organize themselves according to their political views, but they have gathered together a common interest and common current thing they need to do. Therefore Nader stresses on the idea that ideologica l confrontation disappears when there’s a clear understanding what thing is the right thing to do. Behind an ideological explanation of the problem, there's always a common issue which can be found and shared by different parties adherents. In U.S. history there are a lot of examples of such cooperation, or â€Å"a convergence† as Ralf Nader puts it. That means it’s not only an interpersonal relationships’ characteristic. In 1982 a coalition against The Breeder Reactor Project in Tennessee was formed.

Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Essay Example for Free

Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Essay Homosexuality, at least from the point of view of history, has seen many ups and downs. In fact, homosexuality itself could not be easily classified to be similar from other various racial or segregation issues such as skin color, language, culture, or religion because those factors have constantly experience negative treatments in the password in homosexuality, has been pointed out by the literature, has enjoyed relatively different approaches to pending on the culture, the timeline, and even the historical context where it is being applied. For example, from the point of view of historians and document literature on the subject of anthropology, researchers have uncovered that homosexuality is not a fairly recent occurrence but rather can be traced back as far back as documented history can show itself. For example, in ancient Greek, Celtic, and even prehistoric cultures such as the Indus Valley civilizations and prehistoric Egyptian cultures, homosexuality was already an occurrence that has been around and was actually freely accepted by the society where it was operating in. In fact, in anthropological texts and research, the subject of homosexual behavior may be from the point of view of romantic relationships, sexual interaction, and even family institution was freely accepted in those societies where in a significant measurement of civilization can be made (Isay, 2009). However, one commentary and theory on why homosexuality has arrived to the point of judgment and negative perception it has today has been pointed out by research as a result of strict monotheistic religious beliefs and Scripture. The three dominating monotheistic religions today on Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. And, both from popular convention and in the understanding of religious texts as well as the popular opinions of the leaders of the faiths, homosexuality ranges from a taboo concept in the reality of society towards even complete banning and be integrated into the religious thought to be illegal and Heretic. In fact, Islam, being one of the most powerful religions today because of its influence not only in Middle Eastern countries but also in other geographies such as Asia and other Western countries as well, having strict laws against homosexuality and homosexual behavior, continues to influence perception such that many new generations which follow that religion and that faith, although already relatively involved in global issues and global perception because of the Internet and other information communication technology, still look at homosexuality to be illegal and heretic act and concept because their religion states it to be so. In fact, in all three faiths, a popular Scripture is the city of Sodom and Gomorrah where in the monotheistic God of these religions punish this city because of its homosexual acts such as sodomy and the like. However, as researchers have also indicated, religions which are not classified under the leading monotheistic beliefs have basically taken homosexuality to be either a normal occurrence in human beings or have at least ignored the subject completely where its practitioners are able to say from a very point of view and spectrum that their faiths and spiritualities accept homosexual behavior. In fact, off all the eastern end not monotheistic religions that are popular in todays society, it is only Buddhism which freely accepts the reality of homosexuality and has been addressed by many of its search for leaders and discussed in many affair spiritual centers. However, because of the relatively low reach and population count of those belonging to this faith, at least from the point of view of religious commentary on homosexuality, it has not yet been able to pull homosexual perception towards the positive end of the spectrum which is cultural and contextual acceptance. On the other end of the contextual spectrum of religion, is a scientific approach of homosexual behavior. In such a perspective, origins of homosexuality have been discussed by researchers to be coming from biological factors rather than social factors. This approach has seen popularity only in fairly recent times because of such scientific projects and efforts such as the human genome project and the ability of advanced biology to indicate various genes, indicators, and factors that as researchers have pointed out, have a direct correlation and effect to the fact that individual turns out in the future to be Gay or not. In fact, this is not only a scientific attempt to explain such factors but has actually been published by many research and academic journals all over the world indicating that scientists have segregated various genetic functions which could associate or at least highly correlate an individuals homosexual behavior with the existence and activation of such genetic functions (Haslam Levy, 2006). This is the root of the modern argument of where homosexuality originates if it is brought about by the environment or by genetics. Such arguments, however, although fairly popular in the homosexual population, or at least in Western cultures where homosexuality is now freely accepted in society with relatively low levels of taboo perception, is not yet completely proven and documented in scientific picture enough to have any significant conclusions on the subject. Another perspective, perhaps the most popular, is an environmental perspective on homosexuality. According to this point of view, which is popular among behavioral scientists, psychologists, and social theorists, homosexuality comes about directly as a result of the environment and other external factors. Such arguments have developed relative popularity in the 20th century and even in the modern 21st century as behavioral scientists and psychologists have been able to more and more formulate theories that are backed up by statistical and essential data that was created using the scientific method of pointing out homosexual tendencies and the correlation and connection of society, other individuals, peers, and even family members and asked experiences in shaping its occurrence (Lewes Gilbert, 2009). As an individual, important processes and most cited upon the occurrence of being homosexual individuals the coming-out process. In fact, the coming-out process itself poses as one of the most significant in major hurdles of homosexuality in todays society because of the judgment that intrinsically comes about in the process itself. However, because of the popularity of such perspectives of scientific and behavioral basis of sexuality were in more and more members of society and even countries and classifications have culture as a whole are beginning to accept the validity of such research, evidence, and findings, the coming-out process, although has not been decreased at least from the point of view of difficulty, is today at least not judge as it was judge during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. Today, as from personal experience, the coming-out process and admitting not only to friends and family members but even to society as a whole the choice and eventual manifestation of sexual orientation has become easier if not more accepted. However, perhaps an interesting analysis is although such historical and scientific perspectives and frameworks have indeed help in the process of society accepted the existence of homosexuality in todays world, a very difficult approach would be to understand if such perspectives and scientific discoveries have shaped actually being homosexual. This is difficult to answer because causality is often impossible to connect especially if these perspectives and factors did not indeed have any contributions to being a homosexual individual. However, perhaps one factor that has shaped the choice of sexuality and orientation in todays world is the ability to recognize that there is such a concept as homosexuality and it is a fairly popular convention and many individuals in the world today are members of that orientation group. By recognizing such factor in fact, I as an individual have been able to classify myself an essential need according to behavioral psychologists and sociologists to a certain part and classification of todays environment and society and am able to learn much about myself as well as the culture I am living in today.

Pentecostalism :: Religion, Informative

Pentecostalism The first "pentecostals" in the modern sense appeared on the scene in 1901 in the city of Topeka, Kansas in a Bible school conducted by Charles Fox Parham, a holiness teacher and former Methodist pastor. In spite of controversy over the origins and timing of Parham's emphasis on glossolalia, all historians agree that the movement began during the first days of 1901 just as the world entered the Twentieth Century. The first person to be baptized in the Holy Spirit accompanied by speaking in tongues was Agnes Ozman, one of Parham's Bible School students, who spoke in tongues on the very first day of the new century, January 1, 1901. According to J. Roswell Flower, the founding Secretary of the Assemblies of God, Ozman's experience was the "touch felt round the world," an event which " made the Pentecostal Movement of the Twentieth Century." As a result of this Topeka pentecost, Parham formulated the doctrine that tongue was the "Bible evidence" of the baptism in the Holy Spirit. He also taught that tongue was a supernatural impartation of human languages for the purpose of world evangelization. Henceforth, he taught, missionaries need not study foreign languages since they would be able to preach in miraculous tongues all over the world. Armed with this new theology, Parham founded a church movement, which he called the "Apostolic Faith" and began a whirlwind revival tour of the American Middle West to promote his exciting new experience. It was not until 1906, however, that Pentecostalism achieved worldwide attention through the Azusa Street revival in

Interview template

Thorough grasp of material (lecture and cases) as demonstrated in examinations Participation in class discussions Excellent participation *may* help move your grade one level up 4 Attendance Regular attendance in lectures and tutorials is essential to complete this unit successfully. Steady effort is the way to build your human capital in this area The text, supplementary reading, lectures, tutorials, etc. Are all complements, not substitutes Attitude is key to your success – Been there, done that -International Business Context O Dry Sarah Advertiser 13 Grading Policy: The Bad NewsWord about academic honesty: No plagiarism: pasting sentences or paragraphs from various sources without attribution DOES constitute plagiarism. Copying from another student also constitutes plagiarism No dishonesty in attendance: Signing in for one or more other students constitutes academic dishonesty No dishonesty in examination: No talking or exchanging notes during examination Students caught c ommitting an act of academic dishonesty will automatically fail the assignment or the unit Any Questions? 5 What is Economics and its relevance? Study of how economic agents choose to SE their scarce resources.Economics analyses the basic market structures of the business environment, and the decision-making behavior of economic agents Economic agents include consumers, firms, managers, workers, bureaucrats, criminals, Branches of Economics Microeconomics Branch of economics that deals with the behavior of individual economic units-?consumers, firms, workers, and investors-?as well as the markets that these units comprise. Macroeconomics Branch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables, such as the level and growth rate of national output, interest rates, unemployment, and inflation.Classical Economics and Business Economics is to the traditional business discipline as Physics is to the classical engineering sciences. Economics is a tool box. Combining these with too ls from decision sciences we can find the power tools that can maximize your firm's chances for survival and prosperity in an uncertain world. This is all about Business Economics. 6 What is Business Economics? Business economics is concerned with the application of economic principles and analytical tools of decision sciences – Mathematics, Statistics, andEconometrics – to solve Business/Managerial decision problems. Thus, Business economics is about the application of economic theory and analytic tools to help managers make better decisions. The scope of Business Economics Management decision problems arise in any organization (firm, a non-profit organization, or a government agency) when it seeks to achieve some goal or objective subject to some constraints. Business Economics provide us with the power tools to examine how an organization can achieve its objectives most efficiently. Decision Problems: Examples

Letter of Recommendation Essay

A.Current Performance Last year, Google had strong financial metrics. According to Google’s operational highlights, the company reported worldwide revenue growth and cash flow for the four quarters of 2013, making Google one of the most successful companies within its industry. Overall, Google’s last year’s return on investment, market share, and profitability were positive (2013 Financial Tables n.d.). B.Strategic Position Google’s main focus is on the customer. Furthermore, the company’s mission statement is â€Å"to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.† 1.Google has been able to reflect its mission statement by making its customers a priority, always delivering excellence with its products to worldwide customers. 2.Google has been in the technology industry since 1998. Although the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998, Google’s founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin had already built a search engine (initially called BackRub) by 1996. 3.Google’s main objective was to â€Å"create the perfect search engine,† an engine that would â€Å"understand exactly what you mean and give you back exactly what you want.† Nowadays, Google has not only been successful at creating this perfect search engine, but has been able to make it smarter and faster. 4.One thing Google focuses on the most is that its business operations are aligned with its strategy. The Business Operations and Strategy team at Google is in charge of identifying and clarifying Google’s â€Å"strategic priorities, addressing operational challenges, and facilitating innovation.† 5.In order to maintain a positive experience for its users, Google considers its policies to play an important role in the structure of the company. Google’s policies are against â€Å"illegal activities, malicious products, hate speech, the distribution of personal and confidential information, the access of another user’s account without their permission, child exploitation or child abuse, spam, ranking manipulation or relevancy, sexually explicit material, harassment and  bullying, violence, impersonation or deceptive behavior; and the run of contests, sweepstakes, and promotions on Google+.† 6.Google has proven to be an effective company while under the scrutiny of local and international regulations. Although Google has no control over foreign rules , the company attempts to provide accurate and genuine information within the enforced parameters. Furthermore, Google’s main priority is to abide by national and international rules and regulations as much as possible (Company Overview, n.d.). II.Corporate Governance A.Board of Directors Eleven members constitute the Board of Directors for Google Inc. The company’s board of directors is comprised of a multicultural team that supports the company with their knowledge, skills, and connections. Every member, as a reward for their contribution of knowledge, skills, or connections to the company, is entitled to receive Class B shares of stock. Google is a publicly traded company. On August 18, 2004, 19,605,052 shares of Class A common stock went out for public offering on Wall Street. Google’s internal members are: 1.Larry Page, CEO. Larry was the founder of the company and has been the chief executive officer since 1998. He is responsible for the day-to-day-operations, as well as leading the company’s product development and technology strategy. His engineering skills are such a great contribution to the company. 2.Sergey Brin, Co-Founder. Along with Larry, Sergey Brin co-founded Google Inc. in 1998. Sergey is responsible for directing the special tasks of the company. He also served as President of Technology from 2001 to 2011. His knowledge in computer science is of a great value to the success of the company. 3.Eric E. Schmidt, Executive Chairman. Eric joined the company in 2001 and helped Google to become the great company it is now. Eric is responsible for building partnerships and expanding business relationships, and for advising the CEO on industry and policy issues. Representing the external members of the company are: 4.L. John Doerr has been a member of Google’s board of directors since May 1999. John’s areas of expertise are social networks, greentech innovation, and education and economy development. 5.Diane B. Greene has acted as a member of Google’s board of directors since January 2012. Diane’s background is in computer science and mechanical engineering. 6.John L. Hennessy has been a member of the company’s board of directors since April 2004. John has also been Google’s Lead Independent Director since April 2007. John’s areas of expertise are computer science and electrical engineering. 7.Ann Mather has served as a member of the company’s board of directors since November 2005. Furthermore, from 2004 to 2009, Ann was the director of a company in charge of developing and operating national commercial television channels and stations in Central and Eastern Europe. Ann holds a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University in England. 8.Alan R. Mulally holds a Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in aeronautical and astronautical engineering, and a Master’s degree in Management. Alan has been a member of Google’s boards of directors since July 2014. He has also been a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and a fellow of England’s Royal Academy of Engineering. 9.Paul S. Otellini has served as a member of the company’s board of directors since April 2004. Paul holds a Master’s degree of Business Administration and a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. 10.K. Ram Shriram has acted as a member of Google’s board of directors since September 1998. Ram’s areas of expertise range from advice on how to raise venture capital, how to manage the hiring process in a corporation, how to make the right product choices and how to define and adapt the business model to changing market conditions. Ram has a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from the University of Madras, India. 11.The last member of Google’s board of directors is Shirley M. Tilghman; she has served to the company’s board of directors since October 2005. Shirley holds a Doctoral degree in biochemistry from Temple University, and a Bachelor of Science degree with honors in chemistry from Queen’s University (Corporate Governance, n.d.). B.Top Management Google’s top management is not only composed of some of the most experienced technology professionals in the industry, but of a team knowledgeable in  conducting business worldwide. In fact, Google’s top management team is responsible not only for the day-to-day operations, but for the company’s performance during the past few years. The following six members are part of Google’s Top Management team: 1.Larry Page, CEO and Co-Founder. 2.Sergey Brin, Co-Founder. 3.Eric E. Schmidt, Executive Chairman. 4.Nikesh Arora, Senior Vice President and Chief Business Officer. 5.David C. Drummond, Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer. 6.Patrick Pichette, Senior Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer. Most of Google’s top management team is hired internally, although they have held management positions with other companies prior to joining Google’s management team. As stated in Google’s Corporate Governance Guidelines, the duty of the board of directors is to supervise management’s functioning to ensure that the company is operating in an effective, efficient, and ethical manner in order to attract and encourage future investors, and to generate value for current Google’s stockholders. Moreover, the Board is in charge of evaluating Google’s overall strategy and monitoring Google’s performance to compare it to its operating plan and the performance of its peers (Management team, n.d.). III. External Environment: Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) A. Natural Physical Environment: Sustainability Issues No natural physical environmental forces threat Google or the industry in which it competes. Google is an internet search engine where users have the ability to gain access to mass amount of information quickly and easily. The ability for users to utilize the search engine is not physically impacted in other regions of the world. B. Societal Environment Although physical environments do not affect Google, social environmental factors do. 1.Economic: Google can face economic downtime due to market recession. Making Harder for Google to gain advertisers and therefore decreasing current revenue of 97%, this comes from advertising.   2.Technological: Internet Security Issues is a concern to the massive pool of information and one of Google’s major problems is identity theft, which affects its users. Users that use Google and are threat by the possibility of identity theft may cease from usage of the search engine. 3.Political-Legal: As Google grows, putting the competition to shame, it could gain monopoly power. If so regulatory issues pertaining to monopoly power can rise and/or other legal issues. Google can face liability issues with the Digital Millennium Copyright that limits the linking to a third-party site. 4.Social-cultural: Due to different government and other country views, Google is force to censor web content in different locations. Countries like Germany, France, Poland and China have forced these censors. The above social environmental forces vary in other countries due to geographical regulations, languages, and cultural beliefs. C. Task Environment Google innovation is transparent. The company continues to strive by gaining users, providers and bringing to light new tools. These achievements do not seem to stop the competition and competitors will remain the same from country to country. A.Threat of new entrants: medium B.Bargaining power of buyers: high C.Threat of substitute products or services: high D.Bargaining power of suppliers: low E.Rivalry among competing firms: medium F.Relative power of unions, governments, special interest groups, etc.: high Google faces competition from all internet base companies that intent to communicate information to users. One of Google’s possible strongest competitors is Bing. Current threats involve vertical search engines and e-commerce sites, providers of online products. Social Network, such as Facebook and twitter, are driving users in for advertising and other referrals, which causes current and future threats. Other than possible increased on competition, which may drive users and advertising ads elsewhere, Google also faces possible liability issues, Information Technology issues and security issues. With each threat, the company may seek an opportunity. For example, developing operating systems for mobile  devices and others, this drives users to continue the use of Google. D. Summary of External Factors The integration of European Community, Eastern Europe, with economic development of Asia are all external opportunities factors that may contribute to Google’s growth. Increasing governmental regulations and new product advances are factors that represent the most threat. The company’s opportunity lie on the electronics industry and the driverless cars patent represented. IV.Internal Environment: Strengths and Weaknesses (SWOT) A. Corporate Structure Google is known to be one of the top employers. Google’s management executives are not the main decision makers, although executives do have the last say on decision to assure it meet Google’s innovative strategic. Employees involvement is highly encourage at Google. At Google, the atmosphere is pleasant, family oriented. Google’s approach is for top managements develop strategies and effective implementation while serving as an inspiration to the employees collaborates and brings ideas to life. B. Corporate Culture In a successful company, the employers are the main drivers. At Google, employees are the â€Å"Googlers.† One of Google firm belief is that happy employees make a company. Google hire talented, strong-minded individuals who strive for better, greater results. Many companies use this approach where they encourage employees to take lead and executives/managers simply assure projects are met and within the organizational goals. Google is a transparent company where they make sure employees keep inform by using technology and standard process for communication. Their developments and announcements are discussed in forums. Google has adapted well over 12 languages, reflecting the global audience that they serve. C. Corporate Resources Marketing: Google’s marketing objective is clearly stated, the company doesn’t shy away. Company’s mission is to provide accessibility to information to users. Google’s User Interface is everywhere and can be access from any device. The corporation performs well and has sustained growth. Google continuous growth come from innovation. Google has created new products in the past years, such as, Google Maps, Google Video, PageRank, Google Docs, Gmail, among others, providing users free accessibility to several products within the brand. Finance: Advertisement drove the revenue gain of 97% for Google and in 2008 it amounted to 51% gain. The company was not affected by the economy downtime. Although like many companies, seasonality affects Google’s growth, but not significantly. After 2008, Google financial position remains stable. Revenues are constant, around $13-14 million per quarter, and operating/net income do not fluctuate a lot. Google’s growth comes from the development of new products. Research and Development (R&D) / Operation and logistics: Google hires innovative and talented employees so their creativity is used for developments of new product and processes. Google objective and strategies have been consistent with the company’s mission. One of the strategies Google is to obtain knowledge about the market’s need to create programs funding, company acquisition, and product development. Google products do not require storage, delivery; it is not a tangible service. Google’s products are at no cost to users. Google’s operation mirrors their mission, provide relevant and useful search results for users, advertising, and always strive to improve users’ experience in their search engine. Human Resource Management (HRM): At Google, the Human Resource Management seeks talented individual to come aboard. Employees at Google are awarded for high performance. In 2009, Google had around 19,835 employees. In 2010, all employees received a one thousand dollar cash bonus and a 10% pay raise. Google provided such incentive to retain skilled employees. Google’s rapid growth and innovations are due to its talented employees that bring their experience and technology wisdom. Google works hard to retain those employees by providing a family  oriented workplace and striving for employee satisfaction. Information Technology (IT): Information Technology is a concern for Google. Because hackers and spammers can harm Google’s credibility, Google IT system must avoid injuries from hackers, spammers and even natural disasters. IT must work towards providing an utmost internet security. Google is well aware of these issues and it uses appropriate technology to help maintain its integrity and services. D. Summary of internal factors Internal Factors are brand, user experience, marketing, advertising, employee retention, and information technology issues. Google stands out and dominates the market. Bing, Yahoo and even AOL are Google’s current competitions, yet Google excels with their continuous products creations and services. Google mission statement is clear and through the services it provides it is recognized how it holds true to its mission. Working at Google it is known to be pleasant, everyone would like to work happily at such employee driven company. In summary, Google has strong brand recognition, utmost service quality, and a creative cultural atmosphere. Google’s success comes from its retention of skilled employees, resources in technology and innovation, and advertising. V. Analysis of Strategic Factors A.Strengths Google is a global technology company, whose main focus is to improve the ways in which people connect and transfer information via the web. With that in mind, Google’s capability as a company has positioned it as one of the most important entities in the market. The main source of revenue for Google comes from the placement of online advertisements. However, because Google itself already has an established name within the public eye, the company does not need to need to place much emphasis on their own company advertisement – being rated the number one search engine. Google’s operation cost is very low. The way that Google extracts its information for searches is through the use of low cost Unix web servers, which index web  pages across the Internet. Moreover, with the use of Pagerank, Google is able to rank web pages and give users amplification to the most important sites first. Google is not only a search engine, but also a sort of portal to information of various categories across the web. Its product line includes: Images, Groups, Directory, and News among others. It is apparent that Google envisioned this as on its home page it keeps tabs so that the simplicity of the site can give users easy and accessible navigation. Through the use of AdWords, an advertising platform that incorporates relevant ads to the right of Google’s search results, buyers and sellers are instantly connected. Users have the decisive choice to pick how much will be paid per click and the number of times the ad is to be displayed. As for advertisers, they do not have to pay by the number of clicks on the advertisement, the can choose to pay for the number of sales. Google is a company that is continuously evolving and under development. Because the market of this company has unlimited possibilities, the source of revenue is endless. Google’s growth has lead to the purchasing of other large emerging companies such as Postini, YouTube and DoubleClick, which have ultimately continued to enlarge the growth of the overall company. With expansion and strengthening of the company, Google has also been able to develop solutions for personalized toolbars as well as wireless handled devices and tablets. As of the current moment, Google’s momentum and development (through low operation cost) have lead it to be considered within the top 10 brands in the U.S., surpassing Microsoft’s market cap with 221.19B. B. Weaknesses Like every company out there, though very potent, Google also has its drawbacks. On a scale, only 50-65 percent of web search queries are answered within precision. Regulatory scrutiny was made to be increased by Google, which in turn negatively impacted the business. This particular situation gave way for increased risk with continued growth and corporate expansion. Spammers, who have created dummy sites with links of pages they want Google to rank highly, have manipulated Google’s search ranking technology. Google has also been faced with problems with censorship, as Government pressure has lead the company to block certain information in  several locations. For example, in Germany, France and Poland, it was illegal to post material that denied the Holocaust. As a result, Google was forced to filter out this information. With the increasing amount of data and applications available on the web, and the rising privacy issues, Google’s concern for identity theft has increased as well. Cost per click advertising is confusing for customers and makes it hard for marketers to predict the cost and positioning of their ads. The presence of Google on social networks is not very big, and therefore their advertisement presence is not as big as other companies though it heavily relies on it. Nonetheless, the cost of data centers rise per year, which also means that Google’s expenditures increase substantially yearly as well. C. Opportunities Through the use of portalization, Google can increase its income. Another opportunity on the plate is also for Google to merge with other already existing portals in order to enter the social media loop market and become a strong competitor with companies such as Facebook and Twitter. Being a developer of wireless handheld devices, Google could increase into telecommunication products such as tablets in order to enter a market that goes beyond the systematic World Wide Web. Capitalizing on the use of e-books and buying consumer sales based sites as Groupon and Gilt City could also signify a great opportunity for Google. D. Threats Google’s biggest threat is losing its name value. Google runs the risk of its name being used by the public as a simple search engine. Although Yahoo! Was the first search engine to gain widespread acceptance and top the charts, it quickly lost its top notch title to Google when it introduced its state of the line search engine technology. Google fears that the same can happen to its company, the biggest threat being Bing, who owned by Microsoft, could become a serious competitor due to the great marketing power of Microsoft. Other threats include social networks (Facebook, Twitter, Yelp) as users are beginning to rely heavily on product/service referrals rather than having to take the time to search for information themselves through the search engines. Mobile applications are another  threat that Google encounters. Other forms of advertisement such as billboards, magazines, newspapers, radio, television and yellow pages are also parties that Google competes against for ad dollars. Being a portal of creation and connectivity, Google provides services such as Gmail and Google Docs which compete directly with other companies who offer the same services embedded into their medium. E. Review of Current Mission and Objectives Google’s overall mission was to be able to organize information and make it readily available to people around the world. Management of the company believed that in order to achieve the purpose in the most effective and fruitful way would be to put the needs of the users first. Committed to maintaining this, the mission of the company has been carried out in accordance and has provided heightened results. VI. Strategic Alternatives and Recommended Strategy Strategic alternatives and recommended strategies for Google include taking advantage of new emerging technologies and embedding them into the new creation of products and services. An example of such use can be portrayed through the artificial intelligence being incorporated into the software of cars, in order to have them drive themselves and have memory of recurring routes. Having a op of the line management team that will lead the company to the top is always a factor that should be kept in line – a highly driven and talented workforce. The culture of Google should always be kept as a strategy: emphasizing teamwork, innovation, flexibility and transparency. Moreover, Google needs to place a large focus on the development of ideas in the mobile computing market due to the fact that mobile devices are quickly growing in use and soon the use of desktops and laptops will be replaced and outdated by the use of smart phones. VII. Implementation A. Programs to be developed to implement the recommended strategy Reconstructing Google is not a feasible nor needed option. Having the market  strength that they possess allows them to go the route of instituting TQM. Total quality management will allow them to continuously improve. In order in order for the implementation of TQM, a program should be developed, to keep improving both the product and the process quality. Top management should take the role of developing these programs. In the TQM program there has to be a process where employees that work directly with the product and services are highly involved to make sure that everything is running smoothly and evaluate the situation to see where improvements can be made. B. Financial feasibility of the programs and appropriateness of timetables and priorities Fortunately for Google, they are very financially stable and able to take on new projects and programs. A program like the suggested TQM program will not have a significant impact on their financials but it will have a great reward when it comes to their long-term success. This long-term success will come from the heightened attention to quality that will be seen by consumers in the product that are made. This will make consumers trust the brand even more and give Google a completive advantage. C. Need for new SOP Development As of now it seems clear that Google has very effective standards of operating procedures, as with anything, nothing is static and change is inevitable. In the future as demand changes and new technology is introduced, Google will have a need for a new SOP in order to stay efficient and above in the market. VIII. Evaluation and Control A. Current information system This case does not mention the current information system used by Google, but in researching the top business intelligence systems that are available, Google no doubt has custom software that does everything and even more than the ones available in the market. Some examples of BI solutions are SAS and IBM’s Cronos. Both of these solutions offer reporting, analytical processing, data mining, event processing, business performance management and many more useful tools. With the programs containing historical and  present data, it can help business plan for their needs and see where they are able to get a competitive advantage by forecasting and creating what if scenarios. B. Control Measures to ensure conformance with the recommended strategic plan In reading over the case it was not clear what control measures were used by Google, form researching, Google sends out â€Å"Tech Talks† blogs and weekly â€Å"TGIF† meetings to pass information and communicate with employees. Rewarding good performance is something that is at the top of the list for Google. In today’s competitive job market, competitors are always looking for new talent. Talent management comes into play, where Google’s HRM has to constantly monitor top talent and retain them. Google has a history of maintaining a corporate culture of innovation and performance aligning the needs of the corporation with that of their employees. Google paid $1,000 cash bonus and a 10% raise to all of their employees in 2010, this here shows how valuable it is to Google to maintain their employees. Work Cited Company ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â‚¬Å" Google. (n.d.). Company ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â‚¬Å" Google. Retrieved July 18, 2014, from https://www.google.com/about/company/ Wheelen, Thomas L., and J. David Hunger. Strategic Management and Business Policy: Toward Global Sustainability. 13th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.

What Is the Power Set

What Is the Power Set One question in set theory is whether a set is a subset of another set. A subset of A is a set which is formed by using some of the elements from the set A. In order for B to be a subset of A, every element of B must also be an element of A. Every set has several subsets. Sometimes it is desirable to know all of the subsets that are possible. A construction known as the power set helps in this endeavor. The power set of the set A is a set with elements that are also sets. This power set formed by including all of the subsets of a given set A. Example 1 We will consider two examples of power sets. For the first, if we begin with the set A {1, 2, 3}, then what is the power set? We continue by listing all of the subsets of A. The empty set is a subset of A. Indeed the empty set is a subset of every set. This is the only subset with no elements of A.The sets {1}, {2}, {3} are the only subsets of A with one element.The sets {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3} are the only subsets of A with two elements.Every set is a subset of itself. Thus A {1, 2, 3} is a subset of A. This is the only subset with three elements. A A A Example 2 For the second example, we will consider the power set of B {1, 2, 3, 4}. Much of what we said above is similar, if not identical now: The empty set and B are both subsets.Since there are four elements of B, there are four subsets with one element: {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}.Since every subset of three elements can be formed by eliminating one element from B and there are four elements, there are four such subsets: {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}.It remains to determine the subsets with two elements. We are forming a subset of two elements chosen from a set of 4. This is a combination and there are C (4, 2 ) 6 of these combinations. The subsets are: {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}. B B Notation There are two ways that the power set of a set A is denoted. One way to denote this is use the symbol P( A), where sometimes this letter P is written with a stylized script. Another notation for the power set of A is 2A. This notation is used to connect the power set to the number of elements in the power set. Size of the Power Set We will examine this notation further. If A is a finite set with n elements, then its power set P( A ) will have 2n elements. If we are working with an infinite set, then it is not helpful to think of 2n elements. However, a theorem of Cantor tells us that the cardinality of a set and its power set cannot be the same. It was an open question in mathematics whether the cardinality of the power set of a countably infinite set matches the cardinality of the reals. The resolution of this question is quite technical, but says that we may choose to make this identification of cardinalities or not. Both lead to a consistent mathematical theory. Power Sets in Probability The subject of probability is based upon set theory. Instead of referring to universal sets and subsets, we instead talk about sample spaces and events. Sometimes when working with a sample space, we wish to determine the events of that sample space. The power set of the sample space that we have will give us all possible events.